Gary Sergott felt weary all the time. \u201cI\u2019d get tired, short of breath, a sort of malaise,\u201d he said. He was cold even on warm days and looked pale with dark circles under his eyes.<\/p>\n
His malady was not mysterious. As a retired nurse anesthetist, Sergott knew he had anemia, a deficiency of red blood cells. In his case, it was the consequence of a hereditary condition that caused almost daily nosebleeds and depleted his hemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells that delivers oxygen throughout the body.<\/p>\n
But in consulting doctors about his fatigue, he found that many didn\u2019t know how to help. They advised Sergott, who lives in Westminster, Maryland, to take iron tablets, usually the first-line treatment for anemia.<\/p>\n
But like many older people, he found a daily regimen of four to six tablets hard to tolerate. Some patients taking iron complain of severe constipation or stomach cramps. Sergott felt \u201cnauseated all the time.\u201d And iron tablets don\u2019t always work.<\/p>\n
After almost 15 years, he found a solution. Michael Auerbach, a hematologist and an oncologist who is the co-director of the Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders in Baltimore, suggested that Sergott receive iron intravenously instead of orally.<\/p>\n
Now Sergott, 78, gets an hourlong infusion when his hemoglobin levels and other markers show that he needs one, usually three times a year. \u201cIt\u2019s like filling the gas tank,\u201d he said. His symptoms recede, and \u201cI feel great.\u201d<\/p>\n
His story reflects, however, the frequent dismissal of a common condition, one that can not only diminish older adults\u2019 quality of life but also lead to serious health consequences, including falls, fractures, and hospital stays.<\/p>\n
Anemia\u2019s symptoms \u2014 tiredness, headaches, leg cramps, coldness, decreased ability to exercise, brain fog \u2014 are often attributed to aging itself, William Ershler, a hematologist and researcher said. (Some people with anemia remain asymptomatic.)<\/p>\n
\u201cPeople say, \u2018I feel weak, but everybody my age feels weak,\u2019\u201d Ershler said.<\/p>\n
Even though hemoglobin levels are likely to have been included in their patients\u2019 records, as part of the complete blood count, or CBC, routinely ordered during medical visits, doctors often fail to recognize anemia.<\/p>\n
\u201cThe patients come to the clinic and get the blood tests, and nothing happens,\u201d he said.<\/p>\n
Anemia affects 12.5% of people over 60, according to the most recent survey data<\/a> from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, and the rate rises thereafter.<\/p>\n But that may be an underestimate.<\/p>\n In a study published in the Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, Ershler and his colleagues examined the electronic health records of almost 2,000 outpatients over 65 at Inova, the large health system based in Northern Virginia from which he recently retired.<\/p>\n Based on blood test results, the prevalence of anemia was much higher: About 1 in 5 patients was anemic<\/a>, with hemoglobin levels below normal as defined by the World Health Organization.<\/p>\n Yet only about a third of those patients had anemia properly documented in their medical charts.<\/p>\n Anemia \u201cdeserves our attention, but it doesn\u2019t always get it,\u201d said George Kuchel, a geriatrician at the University of Connecticut, who wasn\u2019t surprised by the findings.<\/p>\n That\u2019s partly because anemia has so many causes, some more treatable than others. In perhaps a third of cases, it arises from a nutritional deficiency \u2014 usually a lack of iron<\/a>, but sometimes of vitamin B12 or folate (called folic acid in synthetic form).<\/p>\n Older people may have decreased appetites or struggle to shop for food and prepare meals. But anemia can also follow blood loss from ulcers, polyps, diabetes, and other causes of internal bleeding.<\/p>\n Surgery can also lead to iron deficiency. Mary Dagold, 83, a retired librarian in Pikesville, Maryland, underwent three abdominal operations in 2019. She remained bedridden for weeks afterward and needed a feeding tube for months. Even after she healed, \u201cthe anemia didn\u2019t go away,\u201d she said.<\/p>\n She remembers feeling perpetually exhausted. \u201cAnd I knew I wasn\u2019t thinking the way I usually think,\u201d she added. \u201cI couldn\u2019t read a novel.\u201d Her primary care doctor and Auerbach both advised that oral iron was unlikely to help.<\/p>\n Iron tablets, available over the counter, are inexpensive. Intravenous iron, becoming more widely prescribed, can cost $350 to $2,400 per infusion depending on the formulation, Auerbach said.<\/p>\n Some patients find a single dose sufficient, while others will need regular treatment. Medicare covers it when tablets are hard to tolerate or ineffective.<\/p>\n For Dagold, a 25-minute intravenous iron infusion every five weeks or so has made a startling difference. \u201cIt takes a few days, and then you feel well enough to go about your daily life,\u201d she said. She has returned to her water aerobics class four days a week.<\/p>\n In other cases, anemia arises from chronic conditions like heart disease, kidney failure, bone marrow disorders, or inflammatory bowel diseases.<\/p>\n \u201cThese people don\u2019t lack iron, but they\u2019re not able to process it to make red blood cells,\u201d Kuchel said. Since iron supplements won\u2019t be effective, doctors try to address the anemia by treating patients\u2019 underlying illnesses.<\/p>\n Another reason to pay attention: \u201cLoss of iron can be the first harbinger of colon cancer and stomach cancer,\u201d Kuchel pointed out.<\/p>\n In about a third of patients, however, anemia remains frustratingly unexplained<\/a>. \u201cWe\u2019ve done everything, and we have no idea what\u2019s causing it,\u201d he said.<\/p>\n Learning more about anemia\u2019s causes and treatments might prevent a lot of misery down the road. Besides its association with falls and fractures, anemia \u201ccan increase the severity of chronic illnesses \u2014 heart, lung, kidney, liver,\u201d Auerbach said. \u201cIf it\u2019s really severe and hemoglobin goes to life-threatening levels, it can cause a heart attack or stroke.\u201d<\/p>\n Among the unknowns, however, is whether treating anemia early and restoring normal hemoglobin will prevent later illnesses. Still, \u201cthings are happening in this field,\u201d Ershler said, pointing to a National Institute on Aging workshop on unexplained anemia<\/a> held last year.<\/p>\n The American Society of Hematology has appointed a committee on diagnosing and treating iron deficiency<\/a> and plans to publish new guidelines next year. The Iron Consortium at Oregon Health & Science University convened an international panel on managing iron deficiency and recently published its recommendations<\/a> in The Lancet Haematology.<\/p>\n In the meantime, many older patients can gain access to their CBC results and thus their hemoglobin levels. The World Health Organization defines<\/a> 13 grams of hemoglobin per deciliter as normal for men, and 12 for nonpregnant women (though some hematologists argue that those thresholds are too low).<\/p>\n Asking health care providers about hemoglobin and iron levels, or using a patient portal to check the numbers themselves, could help patients steer conversations with their doctors away from fatigue or other symptoms as inevitable results of aging.<\/p>\n Perhaps they\u2019re signs of anemia, and perhaps it\u2019s treatable.<\/p>\n \u201cChances are, you\u2019ve had a CBC in the last six months or a year,\u201d Kuchel said. \u201cIf your hemoglobin is fine, great.\u201d<\/p>\n But, he added, \u201cIf it\u2019s really outside the normal boundaries, or it\u2019s changed compared to a year ago, you need to ask questions.\u201d<\/p>\n The New Old Age is produced through a partnership with\u00a0The New York Times<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n KFF Health News<\/a> is a national newsroom that produces in-depth journalism about health issues and is one of the core operating programs at KFF\u2014an independent source of health policy research, polling, and journalism. Learn more about KFF<\/a>.<\/p>\nUSE OUR CONTENT<\/h3>\n