Impacts of Federal Actions on Extreme Heat and Health

Between 1999 and 2023, the number of heat-related deaths in the U.S. increased by 117%. KFF analysis of data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention shows that American Indian or Alaska Native and Black people are at higher risk of experiencing a heat-related death compared to their White counterparts. Estimates suggest that heat…

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How Does the Federal Government Monitor Vaccine Safety?

This issue brief gives an overview of the main systems used by the federal government to track vaccine safety and adverse events following vaccinations. The brief reviews the history of federal vaccine safety systems, describes the key systems and their strengths and limitations, and also discusses how vaccine safety issues have become the subject of…

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Key Facts About Medicare Part D Enrollment, Premiums, and Cost Sharing in 2025

The Medicare Part D program provides an outpatient prescription drug benefit to more than 50 million older adults and people with long-term disabilities in Medicare who enroll in private plans, including stand-alone prescription drug plans (PDPs) to supplement traditional Medicare and Medicare Advantage prescription drug plans (MA-PDs) that include drug coverage and other Medicare-covered benefits….

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Titanium Dioxide Effects on Gut Health

Titanium dioxide and its effects on Human gut health Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is an inorganic compound that occurs naturally, and it is very common additive in foods, medicines and grooming products because of its whitening properties. It is also known as titanium (IV) oxide or titania and when used as a pigment, its often-called titanium…

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